JP Morgan Asset Management buys out Oaktree’s stake in OSM Thome

Energy News Beat

Oaktree Capital Management is cashing out of shipmanagement giant OSM Thome, with investors linked to JP Morgan Asset Management’s Global Transportation Group coming onboard in its place.

OSM Thome’s founding shareholders, OSM Maritime Partners and Skagerak Holding will continue as shareholders, resulting in what the shipmanager described as a “long-term ownership constellation that ensures both continuity and growth”.

In 2018, Oaktree invested in OSM Maritime Group, which following the merger with Thome in 2023 became OSM Thome.

“We are very excited to be teaming up with an innovative and visionary team that brings a unique set of skills and insights that has made OSM Thome what it is today,” said Andrian Dacy, global head of transportation at JP Morgan Asset Management.

Financial details of the deal, which has still to pass regulatory approval, have not been revealed.

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Redrawing of global energy markets map set to heap benefits on US

Energy News Beat

The prospects of peace and the return of Russian gas looks likely to serve the interests of Donald Trump

The prospect of a peace deal has many wondering whether the energy industry could be upended once again; this time giving way to a market serving the interests of the US president hoping to broker the deal.

Global oil and gas markets have wasted no time pricing in the impact that a peace deal between Ukraine and Russia, one of the world’s biggest energy producers. Christoph Halser, a senior analyst at Rystad Energy, said prices are already falling across Europe and Asia as traders contemplate “a swift comeback of Russia gas”.

Although it would be politically unpalatable for those who argue that Europe’s dependence on Russian gas enabled the Kremlin to weaponise its energy supplies, for many in Europe the opportunity to reverse the economic hardship triggered by its absence will be tempting.

Imports of Russian gas via pipes accounted for around a third of European gas demand in 2021. Before the start of Moscow’s war in Ukraine Russia provided just over half (55%) of all the gas consumed in Germany, which relies on gas for more than a quarter of its energy.

It emerged in January that European officials were already considering whether Russian pipeline gas sales to the EU could be restarted as part of a potential Ukraine peace deal. The suggestion sparked a backlash among countries loyal to Ukraine, according to a report in the Financial Times, but proponents of the idea argue that a return of Russian gas could help ease high energy prices across Europe, which have contributed to the cost of living crisis.

Halser cautioned that although a peace deal could “open the door for Russian gas” the chances of a quick return of supplies via pipelines “remains questionable”.

“European leaders and Ukrainian officials have voiced concern over being excluded from the negotiating process, leaving both likely facilitators and takers of Russian gas alienated,” he said.

Donald Trump is keen to feed Europe’s newfound appetite for liquified natural gas, more than half of which is imported from the US. Photograph: Andrew Caballero-Reynolds/AFP/Getty Images

Donald Trump, who is brokering the deal, may also have good reason to maintain Europe’s newfound appetite for US LNG. Trump has promised US oil and gas company executives that they will be free to “drill baby drill” – and it would be a clear disadvantage to the US if its eager new market were to shrink by too much.

This may suit European countries too, many of which have invested billions of dollars in developing LNG import terminals to reduce their reliance on gas pipeline imports. Last year more than half of Europe’s LNG was sourced from the US.

The combination of Trump’s pro-hydrocarbon US election victory and Europe’s dash for seaborne LNG imports, along with the potential return of Russian pipeline supplies, threatens to unleash a wave of fossil fuels into the global market.

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ConocoPhillips to sell interest in Gulf of America assets to Shell for $735 million

Energy News Beat

ENB Pub Note: I had to change the title to “Gulf of America” as World Oil published with “Gulf of Mexico” – just trying to help. 


ConocoPhillips will sell its interests in the Gulf of America* Ursa and Europa fields to Shell for $735 million, both companies confirmed today. ConocoPhillips continues to work towards a strategy of divesting noncore assets, while Shell looks to strengthen its deepwater portfolio.

Full-year 2024 production associated with the ConocoPhillips’ 15.96% interest in the Ursa Field and 1% interest in the Europa Field was approximately 8,000 barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed). The transaction is subject to customary closing conditions and is expected to be completed by the end of second quarter of 2025.

“Combined with previously announced dispositions, this transaction reflects our ongoing commitment to further strengthen our portfolio by divesting noncore assets and shows significant progress toward our $2 billion disposition target,” said Andy O’Brien, senior vice president, Strategy, Commercial, Sustainability & Technology at ConocoPhillips.

This will increase Shell’s working interest (WI) in its operated Ursa platform, pipeline, and associated fields from 45.3884% to a maximum of 61.35%.

“This targeted investment is the latest example of how we are unlocking more value from our existing advantaged upstream assets and infrastructure,” said Zoë Yujnovich, Shell’s Integrated Gas & Upstream Director. “The acquisition expands our ownership in an established long-producing asset that generates robust free cash flow, while also providing more options for growth.”

Is Oil and Gas An Investment for You?

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Innovating Energy: How W Energy is Transforming Data and Operations

Energy News Beat

In this episode of Energy News Beat – Conversation in Energy, host Stuart Turley sits down with Rachel Collins, CEO of W Energy, discusses the company’s significant investments in integration, unveiling Stream Plus, a fully integrated platform covering accounting, production, land, and field services. She highlights the importance of customizable dashboards, regulatory compliance tools, and data transparency to streamline operations in the traditionally siloed oil and gas industry. W Energy has also expanded internationally, with a strong R&D team in India, and is focusing on midstream investments and infrastructure development. Looking ahead, they plan to enhance their platform, expand their market share in North America, and introduce quarterly podcast updates to keep customers informed.

Please check out W Energy Here:

https://wenergysoftware.com/

Connect with Rachel on her LinkedIn here: https://www.linkedin.com/in/rachel-collins-2b8481/

Thank you, Rachel, for your time and leadership at NAPE, and I look forward to your updates next quarter. The United States’ energy security needs energy.

Highlights of the Podcast

00:00 – Intro

00:36 – W Energy’s Growth & Investment in Integration

01:44 – Introducing Stream Plus: Fully Integrated Platform

02:37 – Business Intelligence & Customizable Dashboards

03:41 – Addressing Industry Silos & Data Transparency

05:25 – Regulatory Compliance & Reporting Tools

08:59 – Energy Sector Growth & Global Demand

09:37 – International Expansion & R&D in India

11:54 – Midstream Investment & Infrastructure Needs

17:16 – Upcoming Product Enhancements & Roadmap

20:50 – Plans for More Frequent Podcast Updates

21:17 – Closing Remarks & Next Steps

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:00:08] Hello, everybody. Welcome to the Energy Newsbeat podcast. My name is Stu Turley, president and CEO of the Sandstone Group. Today is not just a great day. It’s a fantastic day because we’re here live at NAPE and we’ve got Rachel Collins. She’s the CEO over there at W Energy. Welcome. Thank you for stopping by the podcast. Oh, it’s absolutely a fantastic. You did so great last year. Give us a little bit of an update of what’s going on at W enery

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:00:36] last year. Hasn’t changed. So we have been hard at work. We’ve invested tens of millions of dollars into our product. No way. And we have been focused on integration. So we truly have an integrated platform. Everyone says they have it. We can show you go to our booth and we’ll show you how we’ve integrated. We have the county integrated.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:00:57] Wait a minute. Wait a minute. You’re saying integrated in the oil and gas space that is traditionally not integrated. That’s typically how all these operational silos

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:01:08] you can’t. You don’t have a single source of truth of your data. And so we’ve been hard at work making that a reality. I actually grew up as a developer. I’ve been in use in 29 years. And so I told our team, let’s not talk about it until it’s real. That’s why we’re so excited here to announce Stream Plus because we’ve been hard at work kind of under the radar to make sure that we have some. What is Stream Plus? Stream Plus is our integrated platform. There are two key components. So Stream Plus has the integration of all of our core capabilities. So it’s accounting, it’s production, it’s land, and it’s field services, which is interesting. No way. All of it. Now define land because

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:01:44] that everybody knows Landman and we know Billy Bob Thornton. Well, oh, that’s a

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:01:49] conversation, right? What a popular show now. So we’re talking about land management, lease management. I mean, so what we can do with our land and GIS solution integrated with field services is oftentimes you know about the payment obligations in your exactly. There are other non -payment obligations. And so, for instance, if you need to keep your property well manicured, we can automatically create tickets for your technicians to go and make that happen. So we make sure you don’t lose your lease. So those are things that we’ve been working with our users and customers to really understand why integration is important.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:02:24] So if I was a person, a salesperson working for energy, what would I want to pay or how would I sell Stream Plus in a what would I say to an executive to say,

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:02:37] I gotta have that? Well, I think to an executive, the most important thing is our new business intelligence tool. We call it data view. And what we’ve done is when we say we’ve integrated all the data amongst our core capabilities, we also have all of that in a data warehouse so that our customers can create their own reports, dashboards, and you have full

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:02:55] access. So for the first – Customizable dashboards are critical because it may not be the same for each EMP operator. Well, exactly. It’s customizable.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:03:04] You can tailor it for your business, but it gives an executive a full view across the entire business, which is very difficult, as you know,

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:03:12] because it is highly siloed. Incredibly siloed in the Stream Plus. So if we’re sitting here taking a look at it, it’s now integrated. That’s not normal. That’s not normal. It is not normal. And when you’re talking about in our new president’s world of drill, baby, drill, I see that we’re not going to be just drill, baby, drill. We’re going to be drill, baby, drill when fiscally responsible, but we can’t be fiscally responsible if we don’t have the accounting or the tracking.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:03:41] That’s exactly right. And what’s interesting is everyone talks about having data, and oftentimes you’ll have solutions and service providers that they have your data, they take it hostage, and you have to pay to gain access in different ways.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:03:54] That bugs me.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:03:55] Yeah. And we don’t do that. So we have an open data model. We believe that it can only be valuable when it’s shared. And so to your point, you have to have that holistic view of your business. And when we talk about your new policy and growth, to your point, you have to make data driven decisions. You have to make sure that it’s just not shoot from the hip anymore.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:04:13] Oh, no.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:04:13] Because most of us have investors behind us, and there are certain expectations. So I think we’ve done a lot to enhance that. And we’ve been doing it for a couple years now. So it’s just all come together and we’re thrilled to have a booth that highlights that.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:04:27] It’s so cool. I’ll tell you what’s really cool is over the last 10 to 15 years, ESG has not had a very good overall effect except what has done for the oil majors and the oil privates is give accountability and the money back to the investors. Oil companies are doing a great job, but yet it’s the accounting that makes a difference in knowing whether or not they’re profitable.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:04:54] That’s very true. And you know, now what we hear from customers is there is a labor shortage oftentimes. And so the more that we as service providers can make things more efficient, so that you save time and your people are working on value added activities and sort of researching, you know, in order to do the work that they need to do. That’s what we’ve been focused on. So less manual input, you know, we don’t have duplicity of data where you don’t have you can add things or something. So we have improved data quality, and all because of that integration that we’ve been investing in.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:05:25] And I probably should know this, but I don’t. So this is an off the cuff question here. And that is regulatory issues in the oil and gas space are terrible. And how does W help with that issue? Because Lee Zeldin with the EPA has now got a mandate from President Trump and that is to, for every new regulation that comes out, which costs our EMP operators lots of money to get rid of 10.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:05:50] Yeah, well, so it’s a great question. The way that we support our customers is number one, just knowing the industry nor a business and knowing the differences where where you operate. Exactly. You know, I mean, it’s vastly different. And so that we have expertise throughout the business that we’ve had working for us for over 15 hours. So people have never had a job outside of W. This is where they have grown up and grown their career. So some of it is just our industry knowledge. But the other thing is, obviously, you know, that that also comes with a lot of regulatory reporting. Right. And with that, you have to be able to create your reports quickly. And so we’ve made sure that we give our customers that optionality and adaptability. So we have embedded reports, but we’ll never create enough for every customer. Right. And so what we’ve done is open things up with a business friendly data model so that you can create your own. And you don’t have 30 data experts to do that.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:06:45] I’ve heard through the grapevine from some people that use your stuff that it is so cool being able to get the customer reports because it is it may be important on this one. Well, how do you get that in this field? But it’s not the same over here.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:07:02] That’s right. And that’s where you have data quality issues because you have these fragmented disparate systems that you’re having to replicate the data. And so what we’ve done is made sure that we elevate the quality and it saves time. Right. So we’re really proud of our data view product. It’s been exciting. And we have great feedback from all of our customers that, hey, G industries have been looking for this for a long time.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:07:24] So if you have this much success of putting in tens of millions, billions, it’s a beautiful investment, as President Trump would say. It’s a beautiful investment. And where do you see 2025 going

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:07:37] for Debbie right now? Well, we are back to growth mode. You know, that is cool. It’s pretty cool. So we’re really and we’re focused on our customers. So if our customers are successful and happy, then we earn the right to go out and go after logos. But I think first and foremost, you have to have reference ability. You have to make sure that your customers are on a bit path. You know, a few years ago, I think we grew so quickly that we had some growing pace and challenges, which is how you manage it. It’s normal. And just like any sports team, when you have new investors, a new GM, new team members, it takes a couple seasons to kind of gel and come together. But I’m two and a half years in. And I’ll tell you, our team is stronger than it’s ever been. It’s not remarkable. And so we’re ready to go. We’re ready to continue working with our customers. And then we’re going after new customers and we’re looking to grow organically.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:08:28] Do you feel that everybody is out there saying in the in the industry or not in the industry, but everybody saying peak oil has already been here. And I don’t believe that’s the case. I believe that we are going to you can’t make a iPhone out of a windmill. Right. We’re going to need oil and gas for a long time. And when we get like Stargate and Abilene and we now need natural gas pipeline or natural gas power, we’re going to need a lot of natural gas just to help supply the A .I. demands coming around.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:08:59] That’s exactly right. Well, I’m a technologist. And so, you know, I don’t I want to say in my lane, however, I will tell you, I just went to the World Oil Forecast Breakfast last week. OK. And Baker Institute has some amazing information to share, which it just reinforces that there will be growth in the energy sector into perpetuity. And it’s not just a U .S. conversation or even North America, because both the demand for energy is relatively the same so far in the United States or more developed countries. But if you look at this globally, you look at the developing countries in Asia and Africa, there is a huge demand.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:09:36] So Debbie is going international.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:09:37] Well, we are international.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:09:39] Did you know that? I did not know that.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:09:40] Half of our team is in India. No way. That is our R &D center. We bought a company a couple of years ago called Seven Lakes Technology. Nice. We brought with them almost a hundred technologists throughout India. And so why that’s great is even though our customers are all in North America, we have our product team working throughout normal business hours and then our developers can work throughout the night on issues or development. Isn’t that cool? It’s pretty cool. I mean, we were 24 7, honestly.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:10:09] Now, on your customer base, though, your target are mostly U .S. based oil and gas operators.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:10:15] That’s right. For now, we have, you know, enough market share to be very healthy and high growth. We want a lot more. We want the market share.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:10:23] Are you going to be looking to Canada as well?

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:10:25] We already are. So when I say North America, I’m talking U .S. and Canada. Outstanding. And so we’re looking at both. And I think once we get to a tipping point where we feel that we’ve captured enough market share here, we might look outside of North America. But I think there’s enough for us to do here and focus on our core. And that’s where we’re going to.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:10:41] That is outstanding. I’ll tell you, saving money, it’s going to be so critical because if President Trump is over here going drill, maybe drill thinking he’s going to get the sixty dollar oil, it’s not going to happen because we’re going to have to have the costs come down in order to do that. And we can’t have the cost come down unless the accounting and the integration is done. So you’re kind of critical. I hate to tell you this.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:11:07] Well, we are. Absolutely.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:11:09] I mean, I just ruin your day by calling you critical.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:11:12] Critical options. And we know that. And, you know, as an accounting solution, it just needs to work. Yes. It needs to be accurate. And so we know that. But we also know that we need to be efficient. We need to help our customers be more efficient, take the cost down. So I agree, we can help with those things. But you also pointed out that as we are, you know, drill, we have all this production. You’ve got to be able to get that commodity out of the area. There’s so much infrastructure that still needs to be built for us. And that’s why you’re seeing Midstream really pop up. And it started in Midstream. And so we have accounting solutions and gas transportation in Midstream. So we’re seeing so much more activity than we have before because of the infrastructure investments to the commodity.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:11:55] When President Trump made the emergency declaration, that was absolutely brilliant. And when you sit back and think now that we can get pipelines built, pipelines are critical. And I got tickled at President Trump when he said he was going to go ahead and start back up the Keystone pipeline. That’s not going to happen because they’ve already thrown away all their side of the pipeline. But boy, New York and all that whole area up there could sure use some pipelines.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:12:26] That’s right. And other clean energies that you haven’t seen any movement like nuclear energy. I mean, Texas has several nuclear plants, which you don’t see a lot of new plants being created. My father actually comes from nuclear energy. And he’s always like, that’s the cleanest energy. Why can’t we embrace that? So I think you’re going to see, you know, you’re going to see a surge in all of the energy sources, whether it’s hydrocarbons or it’s renewable, sustainable energy. I think you’re going to see more about across the board. And what we’d like to see is infrastructure to start exporting because you see so much production. How can we start looking a little more like Saudi

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:12:59] Oh, absolutely. And I love the idea that we’re going to be exporting more and more LNG. President Trump is out there. He’s swinging the tariff stick around and either you’re going to buy my LNG or I’m going to raise tariffs on you. And I think Europe’s listening and all of a sudden he’s yesterday. He lifted the Biden ban on all the Gulf of Mexico, drilling and everything else.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:13:25] You mean the Gulf of America?

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:13:26] Thank you. Thank you, Rachel. I am so stupid. Go for it.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:13:32] I love his bold moves. And did it great. It has been interesting in some of the announcements and how everything so interconnected that the stock market has been so volatile. I mean, I watched that. I just stopped looking. We don’t want to look at our investments right now because we know they’re all level out in time.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:13:47] I think that what people don’t understand is that Canada tariffs everything that we do. And so you sit back and everybody’s going, oh, President Trump is going to be bad. No, he’s rate sizing the world economy to where it should be.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:14:04] He’s making it equitable.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:14:06] Exactly. As it should be.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:14:07] Just over indexed in a direction where it and you see it, you know, they say that Americans have the highest credit card debt ever right now. And so I think that, you know, putting money back into the hands of Americans, that’s what we need.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:14:19] And for what, Rachel, was really cool is that you’re at the end of the important part of this. And as Americans start looking at oil and gas investments because energy investments and oil and gas investments are critical. And knowing that the EMP operators have a great accounting package is almost if I was buying into someone, I’d say, what’s your accounting package? I’m afraid I would ask that.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:14:47] Well, of course you would. I mean, that’s part of diligence. If you’re going to invest in a business and, you know, and these are huge investments, you have to know the entire business and you need to know the solutions and the partners that are supporting you. It’s not just our software either. I mean, you know, we hear time and time again that it’s our people. Is there knowledge of the industry? Is there domain knowledge? That’s extremely important.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:15:09] Last year, when you and I were talking, you started as soon as you mentioned people, you did it again. I don’t know that you realize as soon as you said, my people, you started really. You love your people.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:15:21] They’re the best.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:15:22] Isn’t that great?

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:15:23] They are the best. I mean, honestly, best team I’ve ever worked with. And it’s such a privilege to have them. And I would say that this business so nice because everyone says, oh, we’re a cultural company. Everybody says that. And we live our culture. We do not have politics. The team that they’re so supportive and committed to one another is just us and then to our customers and that support and everything else works out. We have a strong team that knows what they’re doing.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:15:48] I’ll tell you, we need to arrange a trip to India because I would love to go over and visit them.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:15:53] You have to go. I went last year.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:15:56] Oh, cool.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:15:57] So we started a rotational program. You might see some of our team members walking around. So we have some team members from India here. The culprit having the best time and they’re wearing their cowboy hat. So maybe I went to Bangalore last year. We had an office there and all of the team came in and I did it was my first time in India and I didn’t know what to expect. And I loved every minute of it. I loved every minute. I loved the crazy traffic and everyone hawking at each other and no stoplights and no stop signs. I thought it was hilarious. The people, more than anything, are so happy and gracious. So we had a great time. We’re really fortunate to have a team there. And we often hear that having teams in India, you see a lot of attrition. We have we don’t have any of that. Our employee retention is like 98 percent, including India, as we have a great culture and team there.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:16:46] You said 98 percent retention and employees. Yeah, that is really, really good.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:16:51] And that’s a testament to our our Chief People Officer, who is amazing. She’s based in Tulsa. She’s here right now.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:16:58] Chief People Officer. What a cool title.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:17:01] Formerly Chief H .R. Officer by China. Try to look.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:17:05] OK, but, you know, when we say that here and thing, what is coming around the corner and after your products that are releasing right now, what is going to finish out 2025 for you?

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:17:16] Well, you know, when you’re building a software product, it never ends. So we have our product road map through the end of the year where we have taken all of our older systems and modernized them and it will be fully released. All of it will be fully available by the end of the year. So we’ve changed our tech stack. We’ve made we invested integration. We’ve done a lot to become multitenant. That’s important because we can go after smaller customers and we can be more economical.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:17:43] Nice.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:17:44] So we’ve done a lot just to be able to have the breadth in this space that we can go after large enterprise, middle market, which is where we started, but we can also go down market. No, so that’s what you’ll see between now and the end of the year and continuing to build upon our data view solution, building more reports, more stores, more ways to export data. That’s what you expect now. But we have roadmaps well into next year. We’re investing heavily in midstream. So we are creating in our midstream products. We have plant accounting and we have gas transportation, but we are now investing in terminal management. We are finally looking at Mays B compliance. We just partnered. The press release will come out soon that we have a new measurements partner that the capabilities can apply to both midstream and upstream. So a lot of bolt on complementary capabilities as well that will be introduced.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:18:32] That is really cool because I believe that like we would be dead neat without midstream. Absolutely, because we cannot get the product enough of the product down and we’re going to need a lot more pipelines coming up here pretty quick.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:18:45] And you’re seeing it. I mean, you see the investments being announced, the one marathon partnership, you see Enbridge, a lot of those investments and we’re feeling that.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:18:53] And Kinder Morgan was seven point five billion, I believe, just recently. So, yeah, we’re getting the pipelines rolling.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:19:00] It’s funny. That’s where I started my career. It’s what was Peter Morgan. I was at Tenneco Energy, which was in El Paso. And it’s funny how things come full circle and all of that experience is now relevant, even though, you know, we’re very much focused here on upstream.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:19:14] Oh, that is absolutely outstanding. Well, how do people find you?

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:19:17] Well, they can go to our website. It’s energysoftware .com and any of us are available. So all of our leadership team is listed on the website. You can reach out to all of us. We’re still a small company and we still talk to all of our customers directly. We have a chat group that we monitor 24 seven. So you can ask questions and you can find us here at NAPE. I mean, we’ve got a huge new booth. I hope you’ve seen it.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:19:38] I’ve been here on podcast. I will divide. So, yeah, all right. And I love all your staff. I just absolutely love them. And being able to be this side of it as an operator, seeing it from this side is not just a podcast host. I get to hear the inside of what’s going on in your place. And I like it.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:19:57] I think we’ve really gone through an amazing transformation over the past few.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:20:00] I’m a big fan. I’m over here going to you too.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:20:04] I think everyone should be. We have such a bright future. And I think we’re really doing the things that will leapfrog us.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:20:11] Yeah, it’s one thing if I’m a podcast host talking about subjects, it’s another one I can see here and I can hear stories about what is actually happening in your software. Yeah, and that makes a huge difference.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:20:22] People are talking about it and they say something’s different over a W, something’s changed. Yep, we love that because we love the scuttlebutt talking about all the work that we put in. It just shows that we’ve done the right things. We’ve made the right investments and it’s paying off.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:20:35] You know, I’m sitting here thinking as we podcast next year at NAIT, it’s going to be pretty crazy to think where you went the first time we met. Now, we’re not going to we can’t wait until another year until our next podcast. Let’s not do that.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:20:50] Let’s do this monthly. Absolutely.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:20:52] And I think that is not a bad idea. In fact, giving your customers a quarterly update is a great idea.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:21:00] You’re spot on. I mean, because things are moving so quickly and changing so quickly, I mean, we’re embedding AI across all of our product and we’re learning new use cases every day. It’s important for us to communicate that.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:21:12] I’ll have my people talk to your people and let’s get a quarterly update scheduled.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:21:16] Let’s do it.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:21:17] I like. Thank you for stopping. I do appreciate it.

Rachel Collins – CEO, W Energy Software [00:21:20] It’s always a pleasure.

Stuart Turley – President anc CEO, Sandstone Group [00:21:20] We’ll see you guys soon.

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Trump’s Energy Czar Has Plan to ‘Map, Baby, Map’ US Oil Bounty

Energy News Beat

  • Burgum suggests stronger USGS role to analyze the potential
  • Says US public lands hold natural resources worth trillions

Interior Secretary Doug Burgum touted a plan for mapping deposits of oil, gas and critical minerals on US federal lands, casting it as an opportunity to catalyze development of the energy resources, reduce dependence on foreign suppliers and pare the nation’s debt.

Burgum highlighted the initiative during a speech Saturday at the Conservative Political Action Conference in Maryland as he delivered a sharp critique of Biden-era policies designed to advance emission-free energy and counter climate change.

The Interior Department’s US Geological Survey has long analyzed energy resources on federal lands, including assessments of how much oil and gas could technically be recovered. Burgum’s vision suggests a more muscular role for the agency analyzing the economic potential of a range of mineral development across federal lands, which are set to play a central role in President Donald Trump’s “drill, baby, drill” agenda to unleash American energy resources.

The USGS has “got a job to actually go out and map those resources to find out how many trillions or hundreds of trillions of dollars of assets belong to all of you, the public,” Burgum told the conference. “So we’re going to map, baby, map. And then we’re also going to mine, baby, mine.”

New mineral assessments could be used to entice more support for energy development on federal lands and justify efforts to sell off the government-managed territory. More robust economic analysis of the resource potential also could buttress efforts in Congress to mandate lease sales in the tracts and then use anticipated revenue from those auctions and later mineral development to offset the cost of expanding tax cuts.

The US has $36.5 trillion in debt but limited knowledge about the value of “America’s assets,” Burgum said.

“But in the Trump administration, we’re going to build that balance sheet, and we have trillions and trillions of dollars worth of natural resources, and we’re going to make sure that we understand that our assets far outexceed the debt that we have.”

Conservative interests have pushed the US to divest public lands. Burgum, who heads the Interior Department and Trump’s new National Energy Dominance Council, was governor of North Dakota when the state backed a lawsuit by Utah seeking the “disposal” of public land.

Environmentalists have raised concerns that a singular focus on the mineral bounty and “assets” under federal lands disregards their other benefits, including conserving wild areas and providing natural places for recreation and tourism that’s also an economic boon.

Burgum’s speech to conservative activists just outside the nation’s capital included sharp attacks on policies by former President Joe Biden that were meant to propel a shift away from fossil fuels and their planet-warming pollution.

Read More: Trump’s Broadside on Wind Power Includes Permitting Freeze

Biden’s efforts to promote “part-time, intermittent and expensive power” from renewable sources amounted to “stealing” taxpayer dollars, raising electricity costs and jeopardizing the grid, in pursuit of “some kind of mythical energy transition,” Burgum said. “The whole plan was crazy.”

— With assistance from Stephanie Lai – Source: Bloomberg

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Is the West Losing the Race for Uranium?

Energy News Beat

  • The world is experiencing a nuclear energy renaissance, with global capacity expanding and driving a significant increase in uranium demand.
  • China and Russia have secured substantial uranium supplies, particularly from key producers like Kazakhstan, creating a challenge for the West.
  • The United States and Europe are facing an aging nuclear infrastructure and supply chain vulnerabilities, forcing them to reconsider their strategies for securing uranium.

This year, the world will generate more nuclear energy than it ever has before. “The market, technology and policy foundations are in place for a new era of growth in nuclear energy over the coming decades,” the International Energy Agency (IEA) wrote in a report published last month. This nuclear renaissance comes as public and private sectors galvanize in support of nuclear energy expansion as nuclear presents an increasingly convincing solution to keeping pace with energy demand growth without compromising decarbonization targets.

“It’s clear today that the strong comeback for nuclear energy that the IEA predicted several years ago is well underway, with nuclear set to generate a record level of electricity in 2025,” stated IEA Executive Director Fatih Birol. “In addition to this, more than 70 gigawatts of new nuclear capacity is under construction globally, one of the highest levels in the last 30 years, and more than 40 countries around the world have plans to expand nuclear’s role in their energy systems.”

This global expansion means that demand for nuclear fuel is about to go through the roof. As nuclear energy increasingly gains favor around the world, uranium demand is expected to far outpace supply, creating a tight market and heightened competition to ink deals within existing supply chains. The World Nuclear Association projects that demand for uranium will grow 28 percent by 2030 and nearly double by 2040, with far-ranging consequences for global markets.

And so far, it looks like the West might be losing the uranium race. With the exception of pro-nuclear France, the nuclear energy sector in the United States and Europe have been in serious decline over the last few decades. The U.S., while still the largest nuclear energy producer in the world, has zero nuclear plants currently under construction and is currently facing the reality of an aging fleet that will require a lot of plants to be retired in coming years, and miles of red tape preventing rapid buildout of younger plants. Germany, Europe’s largest economy, has made phasing out nuclear energy a central platform of its energy policy.

Now, nuclear energy is returning to favor in the United States and much of Europe, but they are returning to a market that China and Russia never faded from. And not only do Russia and China have longer and deeper ties in many of the world’s uranium markets, they’re also playing much more aggressively.

“Russian and Chinese players have been very keen to secure access to resources in central Asia and Africa, creating a very aggressive competitive environment,” Benjamin Godwin at Prism Strategic Intelligence recently told the Financial Times. Huge suppliers such as Kazakhstan are rerouting their uranium supplies to Beijing and the Kremlin, leaving North America and Europe scrambling.

Reports indicate that around two-thirds of sales by Kazakhstan’s state-owned mining group Kazatomprom went to Russia, China, and domestic markets in 2021. That represents a two-fold increase compared to 2021. Conversely, trade with the West has tanked. In 2021, 60 percent of Kazatomprom’s exports went to US, Canadian, French and UK buyers. In 2023, that rate had fallen to just 28 percent.

“We’re on a depletion curve that I don’t think many customers have realised,” Cory Kos, vice-president of investor relations at Cameco, the biggest western supplier of uranium, told the Financial Times. Kos indicated that this is thanks to “more flows of material into China.”

The impacts of this supply crunch could be far reaching, potentially causing geopolitical shifts. Changing global markets and volatility in Uranium stocks “may change how the U.S. and Europe secure uranium as rising demand stresses current supply lines,” TipRanks recently reported. “This could force them to consider local sources and create alliances to better compete with China and Russia.”

By Haley Zaremba for Oilprice.com 

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U.S. LNG Exports Surge But Long-Term Growth Uncertain

Energy News BeatVenture Global

  • The United States leads in LNG exports, but Qatar’s plans to double its output capacity by 2030 pose a major competitive threat.
  • Investors are becoming hesitant to commit to long-term LNG deals due to concerns about future market oversupply and shifting demand.
  • Europe’s LNG imports have declined, with increased imports from Russia despite sanctions, indicating that price is a significant factor in purchasing decisions.

The new U.S. federal government, unlike the last one, is a big fan of liquefied natural gas. It is an even bigger fan of cementing the country’s top position as LNG supplier to the world. Yet while this may seem easy enough, it is actually fraught with challenges. The two biggest ones: cost and competition.

Last year, the United States exported 88.3 million tons of liquefied natural gas, according to data from LSEG reported by Reuters earlier this year. The annual total was a healthy 4.5% increase over 2023 and proof that the U.S. once again beat Qatar and Australia as the biggest supplier of the commodity globally. Further growth, however, will be more difficult because while Australia may be fine with its current position, Qatar has some major ambitions—and these ambitions cost billions.

The ambitions in a nutshell: Qatar wants to double its LNG output capacity by 2030. This means much stronger competition for new U.S. terminals that will be coming on stream in the next few years—if they find investors to shoulder the upfront costs. U.S. LNG developments are private affairs and the developers need offtake commitments from future clients in order to be able to get the loans to finance the construction. QatarEnergy does not have this particular problem being a state entity. And it seems that LNG buyers are getting wary of making such commitments.

The Wall Street Journal reported this week that competition is emerging as a potential risk for U.S. LNG dominance, citing a Pinebrook Energy Advisors managing partner as saying that energy investors had grown reluctant to commit to long-term take-or-pay deals with LNG developers, unsure where demand will be in a decade or more.

“There needs to be the demand for it, and there needs to be assurance that if you’re going to enter into this extremely capital-intensive construction project, you’re not going to be left holding the bag if the global market is suddenly oversupplied in 10 years,” Andy Huenefeld told the WSJ. It is a good point to make because it may already well be forgotten that less than 10 years ago, the LNG market was in a sizable glut that had pushed prices so low that the European Union decided to ditch long-term deals on all gas and play on the spot market.

Right now, there does not appear to be a risk of a glut developing anytime soon. Demand for gas internationally is strong and likely to become even stronger—for the right price. Qatar can ship LNG to closer destinations cheaper than it would be to ship U.S. LNG there. This makes the Middle Eastern energy major a formidable competitor, and it is not the only one.

Europe’s LNG imports last year slumped by 19%, climate outlet the Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis reported this week. The authors attributed the decline to the growing deployment of wind and solar, but in fact, it was all about prices. Because while imports from the U.S. declined, imports from Russia, sanctions and all, increased.

LNG imports from the United States dropped by 18% last year, the IEEFA said in its report, although the total still represented a solid 46% of all European LNG imports. LNG imports from Russia, despite numerous calls for a ban on these, rose by 12% for the whole of Europe, and by a higher 18% for the European Union alone.

Given the attitudes demonstrated by EU political circles towards Russia, there could be only one reason for such a development: price. Russian LNG takes less time to reach Europe. It is cheaper than the U.S. LNG crossing the Atlantic to get to its European destination. Sometimes things are exactly as simple as they seem.

The above does not mean Europe is going to quit American LNG anytime soon, even as tensions with the Trump admin run high because of differing agendas about the Ukraine situation. If nothing else, Europe needs the diversification of supply. Also, European leaders may be mad at Trump for his decision to negotiate peace directly with Russia, but they probably don’t want to anger Trump by switching LNG suppliers. That would be one wrong step too many.

Indeed, forecasters see total U.S. LNG export capacity growing significantly in the medium term despite that new wariness among investors. The WSJ cited Morgan Stanley analysts as expecting LNG export capacity to grow almost twofold by the end of the decade, by some 11 billion cu ft daily. They also expect between 4 and 5 billion cu ft in additional natural gas demand from LNG facilities thanks to the revocation of the Biden pause on new LNG terminal approvals. That additional demand would be coming on top of current demand levels of some 15 billion cu ft, per S&P Global data.

It remains to be seen whether all this additional capacity will indeed be built in light of the cost and competition challenges. One thing, however, is certain. Demand for natural gas is not going anywhere except higher.

By Irina Slav for Oilprice.com

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Average state tax rates for retail gasoline and diesel fuel nearly flat since July 2024

Energy News Beatgasoline

 In-brief analysis

February 21, 2025

Average state tax rates for retail gasoline and diesel fuel nearly flat since July 2024

state taxes on motor gasoline

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, federal and state motor fuel taxes

As of January 1, 2025, state taxes and fees on gasoline and diesel fuel averaged $0.33 per gallon (gal) of gasoline and $0.35/gal of diesel fuel, according to our table on federal and state motor fuel taxes. Since July 2024, average taxes on both gasoline and diesel have remained nearly flat, increasing less than half of one cent each.

Although national average tax rates were nearly flat, changes occurred in several states. Gasoline taxes decreased in six states, with Indiana’s decrease of $0.036 to $0.525/gal being the largest. Gasoline taxes increased in eight states, with Minnesota having the largest increase of $0.031 to $0.319/gal.

change in state gasoline tax rate between Jul 2024 and Jan 2025

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, federal and state motor fuel taxes
Note: Tax rates in states not shown did not change.

Diesel fuel taxes decreased in four states, with Michigan’s tax decrease of $0.036 being the largest. Diesel taxes increased in nine states, with Connecticut having the largest increase of $0.032 to $0.524/gal.

change in state diesel fuel tax rate between Jul 2024 and Jan 2025

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, federal and state motor fuel taxes
Note: Tax rates in states not shown did not change.

Federal tax rates remain at $0.184/gal for gasoline and $0.244/gal for diesel, which includes excise tax and an additional $0.001/gal from the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Fund.

The same three states had the lowest gasoline and diesel taxes: Alaska (both at $0.0895/gal), Mississippi (both at $0.1840/gal), and Hawaii (both at $0.1850/gal). The three states with the highest gasoline taxes were California ($0.6982/gal), Illinois ($0.6610/gal), and Pennsylvania ($0.5870/gal). Those same three states also had the highest diesel taxes: California ($0.9212/gal), Pennsylvania ($0.7410/gal), and Illinois ($0.7360/gal).

We update information about federal and state motor fuel taxes in the United States on a semiannual basis, based on tax rates at the beginning of January and July each year.

Principal contributor: Marcela Bradbury

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Exxon-Pioneer, Chevron-Hess Mergers Receive Conditional FTC Approvals

Energy News BeatChevron and Exxon

Exxon Mobil Corporation’s XOM acquisition of Pioneer Natural Resources was given the final approval by the U.S. regulatory body, the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”), on Jan. 17, 2025. In the same round of consolidation surrounding the U.S. oil and gas sector, the $53 billion merger between Chevron Corporation CVX and Hess Corporation HES was also approved by the FTC.

However, the decision was not unanimous, implying that there was a difference of opinion among the commissioners. The regulatory body approved the decision with a 3-2 vote.

The FTC, however, restricted former members of the executive committees of the acquired companies from joining the board of the merged companies. The FTC Chair noted in her statement that the regulatory body had unfurled certain disturbing shreds of evidence pointing toward the oil executives, including high-level executives from the companies involved, directly communicating with OPEC representatives. The conversations include conspiring with rival companies to cut back on the production of oil that may increase prices for American consumers.

The FTC believes that these restrictions would allow the merged companies to operate and make decisions independently while cooperating with other major oil producers without being influenced by the decisions of a cartel aiming to drive up fuel prices. The regulatory authority’s decision was intended to promote fair competition among rivals within the oil and gas industry.

Exxon-Pioneer Merger

While approving Pioneer Natural Resources’ $64.5 billion merger with Exxon Mobil, the FTC proposed certain conditions that barred Pioneer’s CEO Scott Sheffield from holding a position within XOM’s board or serving as an advisor to the company’s management team.

The FTC was divided in its decision to approve the transaction. Republican commissioners opposed the theory that Scott Sheffield had engaged in unfair practices. In its initial complaint against Sheffield’s involvement in collusion, the Republicans described the FTC’s concern as being “ludicrous’ in its entire history of merger enforcement.

The Republican commissioners also argued that the complaint against Sheffield did not have any concrete legal or economic justification. Further, they alleged that this move was based on a political agenda, calling for a re-evaluation of the FTC’s order under the new administration.

Chevron-Hess Merger

In the case of the Chevron-Hess merger, the FTC placed a similar restriction on John Hess, the CEO of Hess Corporation, banning him from serving as a board member for Chevron after the merger was concluded. However, in this case, a small exception was made later. The U.S. FTC changed the initial order by including a clause allowing John Hess to act as a consultant in two specific areas. This included interacting with the government of Guyana regarding its oil-related and health ministry-related operations. Further, John Hess can advise CVX’s board on the Salk Institute’s Harnessing Plants Initiative. This project is focused on reducing the carbon impact of Hess’ operations. CVX’s merger with HES should expand its portfolio in the prolific Stabroek Block offshore Guyana and add its Bakken acreage to the company’s asset base.

XOM, CVX and HES currently carry a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold) each.

Yahoo Finance

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Petroleum liquids supply growth driven by non-OPEC+ countries in 2025 and 2026

Energy News Beat

annual change in petroleum and other liquids production

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook, February 2025
Data values: Non-OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Production
Note: The OPEC and OPEC+ data series reflect those countries participating in the OPEC+ agreement. OPEC members Iran, Libya, and Venezuela are exempt from the agreement. Years 2025 and 2026 are forecasts.

We forecast that worldwide production of petroleum and other liquids in 2025 and 2026 will grow more in non-OPEC+ countries than in OPEC+ countries in our February Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO). We estimate that total world petroleum and other liquids supply increased by about 0.6 million barrels per day (b/d) in 2024 and will increase by 1.9 million b/d in 2025 and 1.6 million b/d in 2026. Increasing crude oil production from four countries in the Americas—the United States, Guyana, Canada, and Brazil—drives this growth. Because of ongoing production restraint among OPEC+ countries, we forecast the group’s production to grow by 0.1 million b/d in 2025 and 0.6 million b/d in 2026.

Global petroleum liquids production outside of OPEC+ grew by 1.8 million b/d in 2024 and grows by 1.8 million b/d in 2025 and 1.0 million b/d in 2026 in our forecast. We forecast production will grow from 2024 to 2026 by 0.5 million b/d in Canada, 0.3 million b/d in Guyana, and 0.3 million b/d in Brazil. Most of the forecast growth comes from the United States, where we expect production to grow by 1.1 million b/d over the same period.

annual change in petroleum and other liquids production

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), February 2025
Data values: Non-OPEC Petroleum and Other Liquids Production
Note: Mexico is part of OPEC+ but is excluded from OPEC+ production quotas.

The United States continues to produce more crude oil and petroleum liquids than any other country. U.S. crude oil production increased to 13.2 million b/d in 2024 due partly to improved efficiency with fewer rigs. We expect production of petroleum liquids in the United States to increase by 0.6 million b/d in 2025 and by 0.5 million b/d in 2026. The Permian region accounts for about 50% of U.S. crude oil production of 13.7 million b/d in 2026 in our forecast. Further, the growth in the Permian offsets contractions in other regions.

In 2024, Canada was the fourth-largest oil producing nation, trailing only the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Russia. We forecast production of petroleum and other liquids to grow in Canada by 0.3 million b/d in 2025 and 0.2 million b/d in 2026, starting at 6.0 million b/d in 2024. Production growth in Canada is supported by the start-up of the Trans Mountain Pipeline expansion that transports oil to Canada’s West Coast for access to export markets from landlocked Alberta.

We expect producers in Brazil to add new Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) units to existing fields in the Santos Basin. The Alexandre de Gusmão will be the fifth FPSO installed at the Mero field and will begin production in mid-2025. Also in 2025, the FPSOs Almirante Tamandaré and P-78 in the Búzios field in the Santos Basin plan to begin operations. We forecast that these new projects will increase petroleum liquids production in Brazil by 0.1 million b/d in 2025 and 0.2 million b/d in 2026.

We forecast that petroleum liquids production in Guyana will increase by 0.2 million b/d in 2025 and 0.1 million b/d in 2026, driven by the start-up of the Yellowtail project within the Stabroek block. The development of the Stabroek block includes three projects, Yellowtail, Uaru, and Whiptail, where we expect the combined production capacity to reach approximately 1.3 million b/d by the end of 2027.

global crude oil production

Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), February 2025

Production from OPEC+ members accounted for 47% (35.7 million b/d) of global crude oil production in 2024. We forecast that OPEC+ crude oil production will increase by 0.1 million b/d in 2025 as the group gradually increases production in line with the timeline agreed to at the meeting held in December 2024. In addition, the voluntary cuts of 2.2 million b/d that were announced in November 2023 will be extended until the end of March 2025 and then gradually phased out by the end of September 2026. The additional voluntary production cuts of 1.65 million b/d that were announced in April 2023 were extended until the end of December 2026.

We expect OPEC+’s share of global oil production to decrease by one percentage point to 46% in 2025 and 2026, compared with 53% in 2016 when the expanded group was initially formed. OPEC’s surplus crude oil production capacity was 4.6 million b/d in 2024, 103% (2.3 million b/d) more than in 2019.

Saudi Arabia is the largest oil producer in OPEC by volume, representing about a third of the group’s total supply. In 2024, Saudi Arabia produced 9.0 million b/d, down 13% (1.4 million b/d) compared with 2022—before OPEC+ announced the extension of its additional voluntary cuts.

Among the OPEC+ members, Russia was the largest crude oil producer in 2024, averaging 9.2 million b/d. After Russia and Saudi Arabia, the largest producers by volume were Iraq (4.4 million b/d), the United Arab Emirates (2.9 million b/d), and Kuwait (2.5 million b/d).

Principal contributor: Kenya Schott

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